FASTCHECKER II

System Overview

The FastChecker II represents a significant leap in UHF RFID tag testing and analysis. Developed by FastTag, the system blends specialized hardware with advanced software to deliver precise and reliable measurements of tag performance across a wide range of operating conditions.

The platform was designed to support professionals who work with RFID technology, providing tools that span from basic functionality checks to complex performance analyses and studies of tag behaviour in different scenarios.

Target Audience

FastChecker II was created specifically for:

RFID System Integrators

Professionals responsible for deploying RFID systems in corporate and industrial environments. FastChecker II makes it possible to validate tags before rollout, ensuring they operate correctly under the specific conditions of each project.

Quality Assurance Departments

Teams in charge of inspecting and validating batches of RFID tags. The system supports quick Go/No-Go tests and statistical performance analyses on the production line.

Researchers and Developers

Professionals involved in developing new tags or investigating how tags behave across different materials and conditions. The system offers detailed measurements and advanced analysis tools.

Educational Institutions

Universities and training centres that teach RFID and automatic identification concepts. The system acts as a hands-on teaching tool for demonstrating theoretical concepts.

Typical Applications

Pre-deployment Validation

Before rolling out an RFID solution, it is essential to confirm that the selected tags will perform well in the customer's environment. FastChecker II lets you test tags at different frequencies and power levels, simulating real operating conditions.

Supplier Comparison

When evaluating different tag vendors, objective metrics are crucial. The system allows you to compare tag performance from multiple manufacturers under identical, controlled conditions.

Product Development

Organisations that design products with embedded RFID tags can use FastChecker II to test the best placement on the item, assess packaging material effects, and optimise overall system performance.

Production Quality Control

Tag manufacturers can rely on the system for quality inspections, confirming that each batch meets the required performance specifications.

Troubleshooting

When a deployed RFID system experiences read issues, FastChecker II helps pinpoint the root cause—underperforming tags, environmental interference, antenna issues, or reader misconfiguration.

System Capabilities

Sensitivity Threshold Measurement

Determines the minimum power required to communicate with the tag at each frequency. It is one of the key measurements for assessing RFID tag quality.

Population Test

Evaluates the system's ability to read multiple tags simultaneously, visualising performance in group-reading scenarios and highlighting potential collision issues.

Go/No-Go Tests

Runs quick pass/fail checks at specific frequencies—ideal for production-line quality control.

Antenna Analysis

Checks antenna health and impedance by measuring VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), ensuring the system operates safely.

Ambient Noise Measurement

Identifies radio-frequency interference in the test environment, helping you choose the best operating frequencies and diagnose interference issues.

RSSI vs Power Analysis

Studies the relationship between transmitted power and the tag's received signal, revealing characteristics such as saturation and the linear operating region.

Constant Power Tests

Evaluates tag behaviour across frequencies at a fixed power level, useful for identifying resonance frequency and spectral response.

Historical Data Simulation and Analysis

Enables you to work with past test data without the hardware, simplifying comparative analyses and operator training.

What is UHF RFID?

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an automatic identification technology that relies on radio waves to read and capture information stored in electronic tag labels. UHF RFID operates in the Ultra High Frequency band, typically between 860 and 960 MHz depending on each region’s regulations.

Unlike other automatic identification technologies such as barcodes, RFID does not require direct line of sight and can read multiple tags simultaneously at distances ranging from a few centimetres to several metres, depending on the environment and equipment.

Components of a UHF RFID System

RFID Tag

An RFID tag consists of a chip (integrated circuit) and an antenna. The chip stores information—typically a unique Electronic Product Code (EPC)—and contains circuitry for communication and power management. The tag’s antenna harvests energy from the electromagnetic field emitted by the reader and sends the response back.

Passive Tags: Do not include a battery. All power required for operation comes from the reader’s signal. They are cheaper, smaller, and virtually unlimited in lifespan, but offer limited read range (typically up to 10–12 metres in ideal conditions).

Active Tags: Contain their own battery, supporting longer read ranges and stronger transmissions. They are more expensive and their lifespan is limited by the battery (typically 3–5 years).

Semi-passive Tags: Include a battery to power the chip, yet still communicate via backscatter like passive tags.

RFID Reader

The reader generates the electromagnetic field, interrogates tags, and decodes their responses. A typical RFID reader includes:

• RF Module: Generates and modulates the RF signal
• Control Circuit: Manages the communication protocol
• Interface: Links the reader to host systems
• Antenna: Radiates and receives the RF signals

Antenna

The reader’s antenna converts electrical energy into electromagnetic waves (and back). Key characteristics include:

• Gain: Directivity of the antenna (dBi)
• Polarisation: Orientation of the electric field (linear or circular)
• Impedance: Typically 50 Ohms for UHF RFID
• VSWR: Measures impedance matching

Operating Principles

Backscatter Communication

Passive UHF tags communicate using backscatter. The process works as follows:

1. Carrier Wave Transmission
   The reader emits a continuous radiofrequency wave at a chosen frequency (for example, 915 MHz). This is referred to as the carrier wave.
2. Tag Energisation
   When the carrier wave reaches the tag antenna, it induces an alternating current. The rectifier circuit converts this RF energy into DC power that feeds the chip.
3. Backscatter Modulation
   Once energised, the tag responds by modulating its input impedance (through a transistor controlled by the chip). This impedance shift alters the reflected signal, creating modulated "echoes" that travel back to the reader.
4. Decoding
   The reader detects these variations in the reflected signal and decodes them, retrieving the information sent by the tag (typically the EPC).

Link Budget

The link budget represents the energy balance in an RFID system. For communication to occur, two requirements must be met simultaneously:

1. Forward Link: Enough energy must reach the tag to power it

2. Reverse Link: The tag’s reflected signal must be strong enough for the reader to detect

Maximum read range is set by whichever link is weaker. In most commercial systems, the reverse link is the limiting factor.

Fundamental Parameters

Power

Power in RFID systems is expressed in dBm (decibel-milliwatts), a logarithmic scale in which:

• 0 dBm = 1 milliwatt (mW)
• 10 dBm = 10 mW
• 20 dBm = 100 mW
• 30 dBm = 1 watt (W)

The FastChecker FC01 operates between 5 dBm and 25 dBm (~3 mW to ~316 mW).

Frequency

Operating frequency determines the wavelength and directly impacts system behaviour:

Frequency	Wavelength	Characteristics
865 MHz (ETSI)	~34.7 cm	Better material penetration, shorter range
915 MHz (FCC)	~32.8 cm	Balance between penetration and range
920 MHz (Japan)	~32.6 cm	Similar to FCC

Tags are typically tuned to resonate at a specific frequency or band. At resonance the tag delivers its best performance (lowest threshold).

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)

RSSI measures the strength of the signal received from the tag, expressed in dBm. Typical values are:

• -40 to -50 dBm: Very strong signal (tag very close)
• -50 to -70 dBm: Strong signal (normal operating range)
• -70 to -80 dBm: Weak signal (edge of read range)
• < -80 dBm: Very weak signal (unstable or impossible reads)

EPC (Electronic Product Code)

The EPC is the unique identifier stored in the tag. The most common standard is EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C), supporting codes up to 496 bits. A typical EPC contains:

• Header: Identifies the EPC version and type
• Filter: Item category (e.g. case, pallet, individual item)
• Partition: Defines the split between company and item
• Company Prefix: Identifies the manufacturer
• Item Reference: Identifies the specific product
• Serial Number: Unique item number

Factors Affecting Performance

Distance

Signal power decreases with the square of the distance (inverse-square law). Doubling the distance reduces received power by roughly 6 dB. Maintaining a consistent distance is therefore critical when comparing tag performance.

Orientation and Polarisation

The tag antenna must align with the reader antenna’s polarisation for maximum efficiency. Misalignment of 90° can drastically reduce read range. The original FastChecker FC01 antenna has vertical linear polarisation.

Antenna 1 Polarization	Antenna 2 Polarization	Loss (dB)
Linear	Linear (Aligned, θ=0°)	0 dB
Linear	Linear (Misaligned, θ=45°)	-3 dB
Linear	Linear (Cross-polarised, θ=90°)	-∞ dB (Theoretical)
Circular (RHCP)	Linear (Any orientation)	-3 dB
Circular (LHCP)	Linear (Any orientation)	-3 dB
Circular (RHCP)	Circular (RHCP)	0 dB
Circular (LHCP)	Circular (LHCP)	0 dB
Circular (RHCP)	Circular (LHCP)	-∞ dB (Theoretical)

Nearby Materials

Different materials affect RF propagation in different ways:

Material	Effect	Impact
Air	Free propagation	Negligible loss
Paper/Cardboard	Mild absorption	Minimal impact (~1 dB)
Plastic	Moderate absorption	Varies (1–3 dB depending on material)
Water/Liquids	High absorption	May reduce range by 50–90%
Metal	Total reflection	Blocks signals / may cause resonance

Interference and Noise

Multiple devices can generate interference in the UHF band:

• Other RFID readers operating nearby
• Mobile phones (adjacent bands)
• Wi-Fi (especially in the 900 MHz ISM band)
• Industrial equipment
• Sources of electrical ignition

Temperature

Temperature affects RFID tag performance in several ways:

• Chips operate within a specified temperature range
• Antenna impedance shifts with temperature
• Tag materials can expand or contract
• The reader’s RF module is also temperature-sensitive

Communication Protocols

EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C)

The EPC Generation 2 Class 1 protocol—also known as ISO 18000-6C—is the most widely used passive UHF RFID standard worldwide. Its features include:

• Anti-collision: Reads multiple tags simultaneously using an adaptive Q algorithm
• Security: Supports the "Kill" command to permanently disable tags
• Privacy: Implements password commands for memory access
• Densification: Communication modes that trade data rate for robustness

FastChecker FC01 uses the EPC Gen2 protocol for all tag interrogation and read operations.

Absolute vs Relative Measurements

The final performance of a tag and any deployed system depends on many additional factors:

• Reader power and sensitivity
• Reader antenna type and gain
• Installation environment
• Presence of reflective or absorptive materials
• Local RF interference

FastChecker II enables fair, repeatable comparisons between tags under controlled conditions and helps estimate field performance.

System Architecture Overview

The FastChecker II platform is built around three core components that operate together:

Hardware – FastChecker FC01

A compact, portable unit that houses the UHF RF module, control circuitry, USB interface, and antenna connectors. The FC01 handles all RF signal generation and reception.

Software – FastChecker II Application

A Windows application that provides a complete graphical interface with eight dedicated test modules. The software controls the hardware, processes data, renders charts, and produces reports.

Antenna

A linear-polarized dipole antenna supplied with the instrument. Alternative antennas may be used, but calibration is based on the original accessory.

FastChecker FC01 Hardware

General Specifications

Parameter	Specification
Frequency Range	800–1000 MHz (or according to license)
Power Range	5 to 25 dBm (3 mW to 316 mW)
Power Resolution	0.5 dBm
Protocol	EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C)
Interface	USB 2.0
Antenna Connector	SMA female, 50 Ω
Operating Temperature	0 °C to 50 °C
Storage Temperature	−20 °C to 70 °C
Humidity	10% to 90% non-condensing
Dimensions	Compact and portable
Power Supply	USB powered (5 V DC)

RF Module

The core of the FC01 is a high-performance RF module that provides:

• RF signal generation across the UHF band
• Precise power control (0.5 dBm resolution)
• Reception and demodulation of backscatter signals
• RSSI measurement
• Full EPC Gen2 protocol implementation

Protection System

The FC01 incorporates multiple protection layers:

Thermal Protection: An internal temperature sensor runs continuously. If the temperature exceeds 60 °C, the unit pauses operation until it cools below 50 °C.

Antenna/VSWR Protection: The system constantly monitors VSWR. If it rises above safe limits (typically VSWR > 3.0), output power is reduced or halted to protect the RF stage.

Overcurrent Protection: USB protection circuits prevent damage caused by excessive current draw.

FastChecker II Software

Modular Architecture

The software is divided into independent modules, each tailored to a specific type of test:

1. Threshold Module: Sensitivity threshold measurements
2. Population Module: Multi-tag reading tests with 3D visualization
3. FastSurance Module: Rapid Go/No-Go testing
4. Fast Threshold Module: Five-point threshold sweeps
5. Antenna Check Module: Antenna VSWR verification
6. Noise Check Module: Ambient noise measurement
7. RSSI x Power Module: RSSI versus power characterization
8. Constant Power Module: Fixed-power frequency sweeps
9. Simulator Module: Historical data analysis without hardware

Data Management

The application relies on local SQLite and JSON databases to store:

• Registered tags with EPCs, aliases, and spatial coordinates
• A complete history of executed tests
• Projects and configuration profiles
• Test parameters and calibration data
• User preferences

Visualization

A Tkinter and Matplotlib-based interface delivers:

• Interactive 2D charts with zoom and pan
• 3D population plots
• Searchable, sortable data tables
• Real-time status indicators

Reporting

Automatic generation of professional reports in multiple formats:

• PDF: Fully formatted reports with charts and tables (ReportLab)
• Excel: Data export for further analysis (openpyxl/pandas)
• JSON: Data files for import/export workflows

Licensing System

The software features a flexible token-based licensing model that can restrict:

• Available frequency ranges
• Maximum power levels
• Enabled modules
• Expiration dates (when applicable)

Supported license types include:

• Broadband: 800–1000 MHz
• Anatel: Brazilian regulations
• FCC: North American regulations
• ETSI: European regulations
• No License: Viewer mode without hardware access

System Requirements

Minimum Hardware

Component	Minimum Requirement	Recommended
Processor	Intel i3 2.0 GHz or equivalent	Intel i5 3.0 GHz or faster
RAM	2 GB	4 GB or more
Disk Space	250 MB free	1 GB or more (for data)
USB Port	USB 2.0	USB 3.0
Display Resolution	1280 × 720	1920 × 1080 or higher

Operating System

Software Installation

1. Download
   Download the FastCheckerII.exe file from www.getfasttag.com or the link provided by the manufacturer.
2. File Integrity Check
   We recommend verifying the digital signature before running the application. Right-click the file and go to “Properties” → “Digital Signatures”.
3. Installation
   FastChecker II ships as a standalone executable (no traditional installer). Simply copy the file to a folder of your choice (e.g. C:\FastChecker).
4. First Launch
   Run the executable. If Windows SmartScreen appears, click “More info” followed by “Run anyway”. This is expected for applications distributed without an installer.
5. License Agreement
   On the first launch, you are prompted to accept the EULA. Read it carefully and accept to continue.

Connecting the Hardware

1. Visual Inspection
   Before connecting anything, visually inspect:
   • The antenna SMA connector (should not be damaged)
   • The FC01 SMA connector (should not be bent or damaged)
   • The USB cable (should not show cuts or other damage)
2. Antenna Connection
   Attach the antenna to the FC01 SMA connector:
   • Carefully align the connectors
   • Tighten clockwise using your fingers (no tools)
   • Secure firmly but without excessive force
   • The connector should sit snugly, without play
3. USB Connection
   With the antenna in place, connect the USB cable:
   • Connect one end to the FC01
   • Connect the other end to the computer
   • Prefer direct USB ports (avoid hubs)
   • Use the supplied USB cable or an equivalent high-quality cable
4. Identify the COM Port
   Windows automatically assigns a COM port to the device. To identify it:
   • Open “Device Manager”
   • Expand “Ports (COM & LPT)”
   • Locate “USB Serial Port” (or similar)
   • Note the assigned COM number (e.g. COM4)
5. Software Configuration
   Launch FastChecker II. On first start:
   • The software attempts to auto-detect the COM port
   • If needed, set the correct COM port manually
   • Verify the connection using the “Antenna Check” module

First Launch

When you run FastChecker II for the first time, the system performs several automatic setup tasks:

Folder Structure

The application automatically creates:

• data/ – Local data storage
• config/ – Configuration files
• logs/ – Operation logs
• reports/ – Generated reports

Database Initialization

Local databases are created to store:

• Registered tags
• Test history
• Projects
• User preferences

Browser (Demo) Mode

If no license is detected, the software starts in Browser mode: request reports or sample data from the manufacturer to explore the interface.

Browser mode is useful for:

• Learning the interface prior to purchasing hardware and licenses
• Training operators
• Reviewing historical data
• Sales demonstrations
• Project preparation

Checking Hardware Communication

Once the FC01 is connected, verify communication:

1. Open Antenna Check
   On the main menu, click “Antenna Check”. This module is ideal for the initial test.
2. Set Basic Parameters
   Configure:
   • Start frequency: 900 MHz
   • Stop frequency: 930 MHz
   • Step: 5 MHz
3. Run the Sweep
   Click “Start Scan”. You should see:
   • The progress bar advancing
   • The graph updating
   • VSWR values being displayed
4. Review the Results
   With the original antenna properly connected, you should see:
   • VSWR between 1.2 and 2.0
   • A smooth curve on the graph
   • No error messages

Licensing Overview

FastChecker II uses a flexible licensing system based on encrypted tokens. This approach allows different setups tailored to user requirements and local RF regulations.

License Types

Browser License (Demo Without Hardware)

Feature	Configuration
Frequency Range	800–1000 MHz (full range)
Maximum Power	N/A
Hardware Required	No
Validity	Permanent
Use Cases	Demos, operator training, reviewing historical data, exporting reports provided by licensed users.

Anatel License (Brazil)

Feature	Configuration
Frequency Range	902–907.5 MHz and 915–928 MHz
Maximum Power	25 dBm
Regulation	Anatel Resolution No. 680/2017
Use Cases	Brazilian market

FCC License (North America)

Feature	Configuration
Frequency Range	902–928 MHz (continuous)
Maximum Power	25 dBm
Regulation	FCC Part 15.247
Use Cases	United States, Canada, Mexico

ETSI License (Europe)

Feature	Configuration
Frequency Range	865–868 MHz
Maximum Power	25 dBm
Regulation	ETSI EN 302 208
Use Cases	European Union and associated countries

Activating Your License

1. Obtain the License Token
   After purchasing, you receive an encrypted alphanumeric token via email containing all license details.
2. Open the License Page
   In FastChecker II, click the “License” option on the main menu.
3. Automatic Licensing
   On the license page, click “Auto License”.
4. Enter the Token
   Paste the token into the designated field. Ensure there are no leading or trailing spaces.
5. Register
   Click “Register”. The system processes the token and activates the license.
6. Reload System Information
   Click “Reload System Information” to confirm successful activation.
7. Verify Details
   Confirm that the following fields are correct:
   • License type (Anatel, FCC, ETSI)
   • Available frequency range
   • Maximum power
   • Issue date
   • Expiration date (if applicable)
   • Device serial number

License Information

The license page shows complete system information:

Software Information

• Software Version: Current FastChecker II build
• Release Date: Release date for this build

Hardware Information

• Hardware Version: FC01 hardware revision
• Firmware Version: Version of the internal RF firmware
• Serial Number: Unique hardware serial

License Information

• License Type: Active license (Browser, Anatel, FCC, ETSI)
• Frequency Range: Authorized RF band
• Power Range: Authorized power range
• Power Step: Power adjustment resolution
• License Issue Date: Activation date
• Expiration Date: Expiration date (if applicable)

Renewals and Upgrades

Time-limited Licenses

If your license includes an expiration date:

1. Contact the vendor before expiration
2. You will receive a renewal token
3. Activate it using the same process
4. The license is extended without losing data or settings

Upgrading Your License

To upgrade (e.g. from Anatel to FCC + ETSI):

1. Request the upgrade from the vendor
2. Receive the new token
3. Activate the new token (it replaces the previous license)
4. All data and settings remain intact

Why the Stand Matters

Consistent, repeatable measurements require a fixed support (stand) that positions the equipment and tags in a controlled manner. The stand removes the variability of hand-held placement, ensuring that comparative tests are performed under the same conditions.

Stand Benefits

• Repeatability: Identical positioning for multiple tags
• Fixed Distance: Eliminates distance variations
• Alignment: Ensures correct polarization alignment
• Professional Presentation: Looks professional during demonstrations
• Efficiency: Faster, more organized testing

Stand Components: PVC structural frame, expanded polyethylene plate to hold the tag, USB cable for the FastChecker FC01 connection, and a 10 dB SMA attenuator between the antenna and hardware for close-range operation.

Required Materials

Step-by-Step Assembly

Follow these steps carefully to build a sturdy stand:

Step 1: Prepare Components

1. Organize Materials
   Lay out the pipes, connectors, and tools according to the bill of materials.
2. Cut Pipes (if needed)
   If not pre-cut, prepare 16 pipes of 65 mm and 4 pipes of 300 mm using a PVC saw.

Step 2: Assemble the Base Structure

1. Create Upper and Lower Frames
   Use the 65 mm pipes with T connectors and 90° elbows to build two identical frames (top and bottom).
2. Install the Four Vertical Posts
   Attach the four 300 mm pipes to the T connectors at the corners of the lower frame, pointing upwards.

Step 3: Glue Critical Points

1. Prepare the Cement
   Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and avoid excessive application.
2. Glue Only the Marked Joints
   Glue stress points such as the base T connectors and corners. Keep the remaining joints as press-fit only.
3. Allow to Cure
   Wait 15–30 minutes (or per the cement instructions) before continuing.

Step 4: Finalize the Structure

1. Attach the Upper Frame
   Slide it onto the posts. This joint stays unglued for disassembly.
2. Secure the Lower Frame
   Ensure all lower joints are firmly seated.
3. Check Stability
   Confirm the structure is level and secure.

Step 5: USB Cable Access

1. Create Cable Opening
   Cut a slot near the base of one post so the USB connector can pass through without stress.
2. Position the Foam Board
   Place the polyethylene board on the top frame, aligning it so the USB cable feeds directly to the FC01.

Step 6: Finish and Paint

1. Clean the PVC
   Remove dust and marks before painting.
2. Spray Paint
   Apply light coats of acrylic spray paint, letting each coat dry per instructions.
3. Final Drying
   Let the structure dry completely before use.

The stand is now ready. The 200 × 200 × 30 mm board holds the tag during tests. Ensure the USB cable and 10 dB attenuation are in place before running measurements.

Assembly Notes and Considerations

Modular Design

The stand is modular and easy to disassemble:

• Top Frame: Lifts off the posts for storage
• Posts: Detach from the base frame
• Foam Board: Removes independently

Equipment Setup

Tag Placement

Use the foam board to support the tag during measurements:

• Place the tag centered on the board
• Keep it flat and stable
• Remove nearby metallic objects
• Adjust board height so the tag is roughly at antenna height

Maintenance and Storage

• Cleaning: Wipe with a damp cloth
• Storage: Disassemble and store in a dry area
• Transport: Disassembled parts fit inside a small container
• Durability: PVC is robust, but avoid prolonged sunlight exposure

As illustrated in Figure 7.7, the entire stand can be broken down for transport and storage. Each component can be packed into a compact space.

Why Precise Positioning Matters

Correct positioning and alignment between the antenna and the tag are critical for accurate, repeatable measurements. Small variations introduce significant deviations, making side-by-side comparisons unreliable.

Dipole Radiation Pattern

The standard FastChecker FC01 antenna is a horizontally polarized linear dipole. Its radiation pattern behaves as follows:

Vertical View (Elevation Plane)

• Omnidirectional pattern (circular)
• Uniform radiation around the antenna axis
• Allows placing the tag in any direction around the antenna

Horizontal View (Azimuth Plane)

• Figure-eight pattern
• Maximum radiation perpendicular to the antenna axis
• Minimum radiation at the tips (top and bottom)
• “Blind spots” at the dipole ends

Polarization

What Is Polarization?

Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field of an electromagnetic wave. The FC01 dipole provides linear polarization.

Polarization Alignment

For maximum transmission and reception efficiency:

• The tag antenna must follow the reader antenna polarization
• Vertical tags perform better with vertical antennas
• Horizontal tags perform better with horizontal antennas
• A 90° misalignment causes ~20–30 dB loss

Rotation Angle	Approximate Loss	Impact
0° (aligned)	0 dB	✅ Maximum efficiency
30°	~1.5 dB	⚠️ Minor reduction
45°	~3 dB	⚠️ Moderate reduction
60°	~6 dB	❌ Significant reduction
90° (perpendicular)	20–30 dB	❌ Very difficult or impossible to read

Polarization Compatibility

The table below summarizes expected losses for different polarization combinations between reader and tag antennas:

Reader Polarization	Tag Polarization	Loss (dB)
Linear	Linear (aligned, θ = 0°)	0 dB
Linear	Linear (θ = 45°)	-3 dB
Linear	Linear (θ = 90°)	-∞ dB (theoretical)
Circular (RHCP)	Linear (any orientation)	-3 dB
Circular (LHCP)	Linear (any orientation)	-3 dB
Circular (RHCP)	Circular (RHCP)	0 dB
Circular (LHCP)	Circular (LHCP)	0 dB
Circular (RHCP)	Circular (LHCP)	-∞ dB (theoretical)

Recommended Setups

Standard Configuration

Testing Finished Products

• Maintain the product in its real operating orientation
• If possible, test multiple orientations
• Document the position used for each measurement
• Expect performance changes when orientation changes

Alignment Check

Quick Alignment Test

1. Initial Position
   Place the tag at the standard distance (30 cm), vertical, and aligned.
2. Run a Test Read
   Use the Constant Power module for a quick read and note the RSSI.
3. Rotate 90°
   Rotate the tag to horizontal and read again.
4. Compare RSSI
   Expect a 15–25 dB difference:
   • If difference < 10 dB: Possible misalignment or circularly polarized tag
   • If difference > 15 dB: Confirms linear polarization and correct alignment

Common Positioning Issues

Inconsistent Reads

Symptom: RSSI varies significantly between consecutive reads

Likely causes:

• Movement between antenna and tag
• Unstable stand or vibration
• Nearby movement interfering

Fix: Stabilize the stand and secure the tag

Very Low RSSI

Symptom: RSSI < -70 dBm at short range

Likely causes:

• Tag and antenna perpendicular (90°)
• Tag in the antenna blind zone
• Tag facing away from the antenna
• Obstruction between antenna and tag

Fix: Re-align the tag, reposition, clear obstructions

Large Differences Between Similar Tags

Symptom: Identical tags show very different results

Likely causes:

• Non-repeatable positioning
• Distance variations
• Orientation differences
• One tag may actually be defective
• Other tags present nearby

Fix: Use the stand, mark the position, document orientation, remove other tags

Testing Under Special Conditions

Tags on Metallic Surfaces

Metal reflects RF energy and may create resonance:

• Use dedicated on-metal tags
• Ensure proper tag installation on the metal surface
• Performance depends heavily on surface size
• Document the surface dimensions and material

Tags on Liquids

Water strongly absorbs UHF RF:

• Reduce the test distance (15–20 cm)
• Use tags designed for liquid applications
• Document liquid type and volume

High-Density Tag Environments

When evaluating pallets, cases, or bundles:

• Increase test distance to 40–50 cm
• Evaluate individual tags first
• Then test as a group to detect mutual interference
• Use the Population module to evaluate simultaneous reads

Noise Check Overview

Interface Elements

Interface dedicated to RF noise monitoring:

Test Configuration

• Minimum Frequency (MHz): Start of the sweep range
• Maximum Frequency (MHz): End of the sweep range
• Mode: Continuous or Single
• Scan Time (s): Duration in single mode

Control Buttons

• Test: Starts noise monitoring
• Stop: Stops monitoring
• Clear Chart: Clears the current plot
• Save Selected: Saves the highlighted measurements
• Import Tests: Imports previously saved runs
• Selected Report (PDF): Generates a PDF report

Noise Chart

Displays noise level versus frequency and highlights interference peaks.

Test History

• List of saved measurements
• Checkboxes for selection
• Date and time for each run
• Buttons: Select All, Deselect All, Delete Selected

What Is RF Noise?

RF noise represents unwanted signals present in the environment that can interfere with RFID tag reads.

Why Run Noise Check?

RF interference may:

• Mask tag backscatter signals
• Cause false reads
• Lower read rates in the Population module
• Produce inconsistent Threshold results
• Block specific frequencies entirely

Common Interference Sources

Source	Affected Frequencies	Interference Type
Other RFID Readers	Same band (902–928 MHz)	Continuous, strong
Mobile Phones	850–900 MHz, 1800–1900 MHz	Intermittent (during calls)
900 MHz Wi-Fi	902–928 MHz	Continuous on specific channels
Bluetooth	2400 MHz (harmonics can interfere)	Usually weak
Electric Motors	Wide band	Impulse noise
Industrial Equipment	Wide band	Electrical noise
Ignition Sources and Sparks	Wide band	Impulse noise
Radio and TV Transmitters	Multiple bands	Continuous at fixed frequencies

How to Run Noise Check

1. Open the Module
   In the main menu, click “Noise Check”.
2. Name the Test
   In “Test Configuration”, fill the Name field to identify the measurement.
3. Select the Mode
   Choose Single (one sweep) or Continuous (runs until you stop).
4. Set the Time (s)
   Adjust Time (s) for the desired duration (Single mode).
5. Prepare the Environment
   Move RFID tags (≥ 1 m) and obvious interference sources away so you only measure ambient noise.
6. Start the Measurement
   Click “Test”. The chart updates in real time.
7. Watch the Chart
   Check dBm levels by frequency. Peaks highlight specific interferers; a high baseline means a noisy environment.
8. Stop the Run
   Click “Stop” to finish.
9. Review the History
   Runs appear in “Test History”. Select entries as needed.
10. Save Selected
    Click “Save Selected” to persist chosen runs.
11. Generate PDF Report
    With items selected, use “Selected Report (PDF)” to export.
12. Clear the Chart
    Click “Clear Chart” to remove the current view.

Interpreting Results

Saving and Comparing Measurements

Noise Check lets you store runs so you can:

• Compare noise levels at different times
• Document test-site conditions
• Spot environmental changes over time
• Analyze interference trends and patterns

Test History and Statistics

The module keeps a detailed history of every run, provides statistics, and allows comparisons.

General Statistics

At the top of the history panel you will see:

• Total Tests: Number of saved runs
• Total Duration: Sum of all test times (seconds)
• Overall Average Noise: Average of all collected noise samples

History Columns

The history table includes:

Column	Detailed Description
Plot	Select the run to display on the chart. The curve overlays the active plot.
Test Name	Descriptive name (e.g. “Morning – Before machines”, “Evening – Clean room”) for easy identification.
Duration (s)	Total run time in seconds, calculated from start to finish.
Average Noise (dBm)	Arithmetic mean of all samples. Represents the typical noise level.
Minimum Noise (dBm)	Lowest noise level recorded. More negative values mean a cleaner environment.
Maximum Noise (dBm)	Highest noise peak. Values above -70 dBm can impact RFID tests.
Max Noise Time	Exact time (HH:MM:SS) when the peak occurred. Useful for spotting recurring events.
Date/Time	Start date and time (DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS) for chronological ordering.
Severity	Automatic classification based on Maximum Noise – Average Noise: Low (≤ 3 dB): Stable noise – Ideal Medium (3 < x ≤ 6 dB): Moderate variation – Acceptable High (6 < x ≤ 9 dB): Significant variation – Performance may be affected Very High (> 9 dB): Extreme variation – Operation compromised

History Tools

• Sorting: Click the column headers (↕) to reorder
• Multi-selection: Mark several entries to compare
• Action Buttons:
  • Select All: Mark every run
  • Deselect All: Clear the selection
  • Delete Selected: Remove chosen runs
• Chart Visualization: Selected runs appear with different colors
• Report Generation: Export selected runs to PDF

Help Icon (🔍)

The magnifier icon beside the statistics opens a help window that explains the severity scale with visual examples.

Daily Verification Protocol

Run this quick protocol at the start of each testing session:

1. Visual Inspection (2 min)
   
   • Check antenna connections
   • Inspect cables
   • Clean the test area
2. Antenna Check (3 min)
   
   • Run a full sweep
   • Confirm VSWR < 2.0
   • Document any issues
3. Noise Check (5 min)
   
   • Monitor the spectrum for 2–3 minutes
   • Identify noisy frequencies
   • Reduce or remove interference sources if needed
4. Reference Test (5 min)
   
   • Test a known “reference tag”
   • Compare the result with previous measurements
   • Confirm the system is still calibrated

Total: ~15 minutes – This short routine keeps the entire session reliable.

Reference Tag

Introduction to Antenna Check Module

The Antenna Check module is an essential tool for verification and analysis of RFID UHF antenna performance. This module allows complete frequency and power sweeps, measuring critical parameters such as VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), return loss and antenna efficiency under different operating conditions.

The module offers advanced features including:

• Frequency Sweep: Complete analysis in configurable ranges (e.g., 860-960 MHz)
• Power Sweep: Testing at different transmission power levels
• Persistent History: Storage and comparison of multiple tests over time
• Comparative Visualization: Overlaid graphs for comparative analysis of different tests
• In-line Editing: Renaming tests in history with double-click
• Data Export: PDF report generation and data export

Requirements and Licensing

The module automatically verifies the active license when starting a test, applying appropriate limits for:

• Allowed frequency range (e.g., 860-960 MHz)
• Allowed power levels (e.g., 5-25 dBm)
• Excluded frequency ranges (if configured in the license)

User Interface

Configuration Area

The main module interface includes the following controls:

• Minimum Frequency: Defines the lower limit of the sweep (in MHz)
• Maximum Frequency: Defines the upper limit of the sweep (in MHz)
• Frequency Step: Increment between each measurement point (in MHz, e.g., 5.0 MHz)
• Transmission Power: Fixed power level for the test (in dBm)
• Test Name: Unique identifier for the test (default: "Antenna_Test")

Plot Type

The module offers different visualization types:

• VSWR: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - standing wave ratio (ideally < 2.0)
• Return Loss: Return loss in dB (higher is better)
• Reflection Coefficient: Reflection coefficient

Curve Type

Curve visualization options:

• Linear: Curve with points connected by straight lines
• Smooth: Interpolated smoothed curve (requires scipy library)

Running a Test

1. Configure Parameters
   
   • Define the desired frequency range (respecting license limits)
   • Configure frequency step (smaller step = more points = slower test)
   • Select transmission power
   • Give a descriptive name to the test
2. Start Sweep
   
   • Click the "Start" button to begin the test
   • Progress is displayed in real-time
   • You can cancel the test at any time
3. Analyze Results
   
   • Results are displayed in the main graph
   • Statistics are calculated automatically
   • The test is automatically saved to history

Result Interpretation

Ideal values for a UHF RFID antenna:

• VSWR < 2.0: Excellent - antenna in good condition
• VSWR 2.0-3.0: Acceptable - functional antenna
• VSWR > 3.0: Attention - possible antenna or connection issue

Best Practices

It is recommended to include Antenna Check in the daily verification protocol:

• Antenna Check (3 min)
  Run a quick sweep before starting important tests
• Compare results with previous measurements
• Document significant variations
• Check connections if VSWR is elevated

Threshold Module Overview

Interface Elements

The Threshold module interface is divided into several sections:

Test Configuration Panel

Field	Description
Project Name	Identifies the project or customer to organize tests
Customer Name	Company or client name
Description	Notes about the test (e.g. “Tag in cardboard box”)
Minimum Frequency (MHz)	Start of the sweep range
Maximum Frequency (MHz)	End of the sweep range
Frequency Step	Increment between measurement points (e.g. 1 MHz, 5 MHz)
Maximum Power (dBm)	Maximum transmit power for the test (limited by the license)
Power Step	Power increment used in the binary search (e.g. 0.5 dBm, 1 dBm)
Distance (cm)	Distance between antenna and tag
Attenuator (dB)	Value of any additional attenuation

Control Buttons

Button	Function
Start Test	Starts the frequency sweep and threshold measurement
Stop	Safely interrupts the running test
Show Table	Displays results in table format
Save Project	Saves the project and collected data to disk
Delete Project	Removes the selected project
Import	Loads a previously saved project (.json)
Selected Report (PDF)	Generates a PDF report for the tests selected in history

Registered Tags Area

Section listing every RFID tag registered for testing:

• Tag List: Shows each tag EPC plus nickname
• Checkboxes: Choose which tags will be tested
• Counter: Displays total selected tags

Safety Panel

Status indicators monitoring system health:

• Status: Indicates whether the system is safe to operate
• Temperature: Equipment temperature (°C)
• VSWR: Current VSWR measurement (should stay below 2.0)
• VSWR Status: Shows if VSWR is within acceptable limits
• License Information: Displays active license details

Actions Dropdown

Menu with the following options:

• Register New Tag: Scans and stores a new RFID tag
• Import Tags from JSON: Loads tags saved earlier
• Select All Tags: Checks every tag for testing
• Deselect All Tags: Clears the current selection
• Delete Selected Tags: Removes chosen tags from the list
• Export Selected Tags (JSON): Saves chosen tags to file

Charts Area

Displays threshold versus frequency with zoom and navigation controls.

The Threshold module is the heart of FastChecker II. It measures the sensitivity threshold of RFID tags, determining the minimum power required to establish communication across different frequencies.

This measurement is critical because it:

• Indicates tag quality and sensitivity
• Allows comparison between tag vendors
• Identifies the tag’s resonance frequency
• Predicts read range in real conditions
• Detects manufacturing or application issues

Threshold Concept

What Is Threshold?

The threshold is the lowest RF power that makes the tag respond consistently. Lower thresholds mean more sensitive tags and therefore longer read ranges.

Measurement Workflow

The Threshold module uses a binary search algorithm to find the limit at each frequency:

1. Initialization
   Start with high power (e.g. 20 dBm) to guarantee an initial read.
2. Power Reduction
   Gradually decrease power until the tag stops responding.
3. Refinement
   Fine-tune power around the failure point to determine the precise threshold.
4. Validation
   Multiple reads confirm the threshold is consistent.
5. Next Frequency
   Repeat the process for every configured frequency.

User Interface Layout

Screen Areas

The Threshold screen is split into:

1. Tag Registration Panel

• List of registered tags
• Controls to add/remove/edit tags
• Indicator of the currently selected tag

2. Configuration Panel

• Start/stop frequencies
• Frequency step
• Initial power
• Test description

3. Chart 1 (Top)

• X-axis: Frequency (MHz) – always shows 800–1000 MHz
• Y-axis: Power (dBm) or RSSI (dBm) – selectable via dropdown
• Supports multiple visualization modes

4. Chart 2 (Bottom)

• Independent chart with its own visualization mode
• Great for analyzing different parameters simultaneously
• Shares the same 800–1000 MHz X-axis

5. Test History

• All executed tests
• Checkboxes to choose which tests appear in the charts
• Buttons to export, delete, and manage tests

History Columns

The history table includes:

Column	Detailed Description
Plot	Checkbox to overlay the test on both charts.
Test Name	User-defined description (e.g. “TR 1”, “Tag in cardboard”).
EPC	Full EPC (24 hex digits) of the tag under test.
Attenuator	Attenuation used during the run (dB). Typical values: 0–30 dB.
Distance	Distance between antenna and tag (meters).
Date/Time	Run timestamp (DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM).
Duration	Total test duration (seconds).

History Features

• Chart overlay: Selected tests appear on both charts
• Report generation: Export selected tests to PDF
• Comparison: View multiple tests simultaneously

Registering Tags

Register tags before running tests:

1. Open Registration
   Click “Register New Tags”.
2. Set Search Power
   Choose 15–20 dBm:
   • Low power: Detects only very close tags (avoids neighbors)
   • High power: Detects distant tags (may capture multiple tags)
3. Start Search
   Click “Start Search” to begin scanning.
4. Select Detected Tags
   The system lists EPCs and RSSI values:
   • Check the tags to register
   • Sort by RSSI to find the closest tag
5. Add Nicknames (Optional)
   For each tag you can set:
   • Nickname: Short label (max 4 characters, e.g. “T001”)
   • Coordinates: X,Y,Z (optional, used by the Population module)
6. Confirm
   Click “Register” to store tags in the Threshold database.

Setting Up a Test

Key Parameters

Start Frequency

• First frequency to test (e.g. 902 MHz for FCC)
• Must stay inside your licensed band
• Recommendation: start at the beginning of the band of interest

Stop Frequency

• Final frequency (e.g. 928 MHz for FCC)
• Defines the sweep endpoint
• Recommendation: end at the upper bound of the band

Frequency Step

One of the most important settings—directly impacts test time and detail:

Step	Test Time*	Detail	Recommended Use
0.5 MHz	~10–15 min	Ultra-detailed	Scientific research, resonance study
1 MHz	~5–8 min	Detailed	Tag development, deep analysis
2 MHz	~3–4 min	Balanced	Standard recommendation for comparisons
5 MHz	~1–2 min	Fast	Quick checks, QA
10 MHz	< 1 min	Very fast	Initial assessment, troubleshooting

* Approximate for a 26 MHz span (full FCC band)

Initial Power

• Starting output (recommendation: 20 dBm)
• Should be high enough to guarantee a first read
• The module lowers power automatically to find the threshold

Description (Optional)

• Free-text label for the run
• Useful for documentation (e.g. “Tag A on cardboard”)
• Shown inside history

Running a Test

1. Select the Tag
   Highlight the tag in the registered list.
2. Set Parameters
   Define start/stop frequencies, step, and initial power.
3. Position the Tag
   Place it on the stand at the desired distance and orientation (recommended: 30 cm, vertical).
4. Start
   Click “Start Test”.
5. Monitor Progress
   Watch the progress bar, current frequency, live chart, and status messages.
6. Wait for Completion
   Do not move the tag! Wait until:
   • Progress reaches 100%
   • “Test Complete” is displayed
   • The finished chart is shown

Understanding Results

Threshold Chart

The main chart plots Power (dBm) versus Frequency (MHz). The curve shape reveals valuable insights:

“U” or “V” Shape

• Clear resonance
• Lowest point marks resonance frequency
• Well-designed tag
• Consistent performance

Wide Valley

• Broadband tag
• Performs well across a wide spectrum
• Great when reader frequency may vary

Narrow Valley

• Tightly tuned tag
• Outstanding within the resonance region
• Performance drops quickly outside resonance

Multiple Valleys

• Multi-resonant design
• Could be a special tag or coupling with the material
• Analyze each valley individually

Flat or Irregular Curve

• Possible tag issue
• Interference during the run
• Tag misapplied or damaged
• Repeat to confirm

Missing Points

If the curve shows gaps:

• Threshold < 5 dBm: Tag is extremely sensitive at that frequency (lower system limit)
  • Solution: use an attenuator or increase distance
• Threshold > 25 dBm: Tag failed to respond (upper limit or tag issue)
  • Solution: reduce attenuation or shorten the distance
• Isolated gaps: Possible momentary interference
• Multiple gaps: Recheck positioning or suspect tag damage

Available Chart Modes

Use the dropdowns to switch between visualizations:

Chart Type	Description	Primary Use
Module Power (dBm)	RF module output power (threshold)	Main sensitivity analysis
Module RSSI (dBm)	RSSI at the threshold point	Backscatter strength
Irradiated Power (dBm)	Effective radiated power	Includes antenna gain/losses
Backscatter (dBm)	Reflected signal power	Backscatter efficiency
Power on Tag Forward (dBm)	Power arriving at the tag	Forward link budget
Power on Tag Reversed (dBm)	Tag backscatter power	Reverse link budget
Conversion Loss (dBm)	Tag conversion loss	Energy efficiency evaluation
Max FCC Link Forward (m)	Theoretical maximum range (downlink)	Reach prediction (FCC rules)
Max FCC Link Reversed (m)	Theoretical maximum range (uplink)	Reach prediction (FCC rules)
RCS (dBm²)	Radar Cross Section	Advanced reflection analysis

Managing Test History

Visualizing Previous Runs

All completed runs are saved automatically:

1. Open the “Test History” panel
2. Check the desired runs
3. Each test appears in the charts with a unique color
4. Select multiple runs for direct comparison
5. Historical tests remain viewable regardless of current license

Comparing Tags

To evaluate different tags:

1. Run tests on each tag under identical conditions
2. Select the runs in history
3. Observe which curve lies lower (better threshold)

Exporting Data

For external analysis or documentation:

Export to JSON:

• Select the runs
• Click “Export Selected”
• Choose JSON format
• Use the files in Threshold or the Simulator module later

Export to Excel:

• Select the runs
• Click “Export to Excel”
• Data is organized as Frequency, Power, RSSI, etc.
• Ideal for statistics and custom charts

Importing Data

To reload previous runs:

1. Click “Import Tests”
2. Pick the earlier JSON export
3. Imported runs appear in history
4. Select them for visualization

Deleting Runs

To clean up outdated or incorrect tests:

1. Select the runs (Ctrl + click for multi-select)
2. Click “Delete Selected”
3. Confirm the deletion
4. Warning: This action cannot be undone

Common Issues and Fixes

Best Practices

Use Cases

Tag Development

When designing or tuning tags:

• Use small steps (0.5–1 MHz)
• Test multiple orientations
• Benchmark against reference tags
• Document each design iteration
• Review multiple chart types

Production Quality Control

To validate production batches:

• Pick larger steps (5 MHz) for faster runs
• Define pass/fail thresholds
• Sample a representative portion
• Consider the FastSurance module for Go/No-Go checks

Supplier Comparison

When choosing between suppliers:

• Test multiple samples from each supplier
• Keep conditions identical
• Compute average and standard deviation
• Evaluate both average performance and consistency
• Balance cost and performance

Population Module Overview

Interface Elements

The Population module interface enables simultaneous testing with multiple tags:

Actions Dropdown

• + Register New Tags: Register new tags for testing
• + Import Tag from JSON file: Import tags from a JSON file
• + Select All Tags: Select every registered tag
• + Deselect All Tags: Clear the selection
• - Erase Selected Tags: Delete the selected tags
• > Save Selected Tags (JSON): Export selected tags to JSON

Indicators

• Registered Tags: Total number of stored tags
• Selected Tags: Number of tags currently selected

Tag List

Each tag entry displays:

• Selection checkbox
• EPC (tag identifier)
• 3D coordinates (X, Y, Z) – optional
• Status (red when no coordinates are defined)

Test Configuration

• Power (dBm): Reader output power
• Distance: Distance between antenna and tags
• Number of Cycles: How many times the test repeats
• Delay Between Cycles: Interval between repetitions

Control Buttons

• Start Test: Launch the population test
• Stop: Interrupt the running test
• Clear Chart: Clear current visualization
• Save Selected: Save highlighted results
• Import Tests: Load previous sessions
• Report (PDF): Generate a PDF report

3D Visualization

Interactive graph displaying spatial tag positions (when coordinates are defined).

The Population module is designed to measure simultaneous RFID tag reading. Unlike the Threshold module, which evaluates one tag at a time, Population lets you assess tens or hundreds of tags in a single run.

Use this module to:

• Validate portal or gate RFID systems
• Test reading pallets or boxed goods
• Evaluate tag collision issues
• Visualize spatial distribution
• Simulate real operational scenarios
• Identify “dead zones” in 3D layouts

Independent Databases

User Interface Layout

Screen Areas

The Population interface contains:

1. Registered Tags Panel

• List with selection checkboxes
• EPC and nickname
• Visual highlight: Tags without coordinates appear in RED
• Tags with coordinates appear in black
• Buttons to register, edit, and delete tags

2. Test Configuration Panel

• Reader power
• Frequency or sweep range
• Number of reads
• Interval between reads

3. Results Area

• Table of detected tags
• Read counters
• Success rate (%)
• RSSI for each tag

4. 3D Visualization

• Interactive 3D graph
• Tags plotted using X, Y, Z coordinates
• Colors indicating detection rate
• Rotation and zoom tools

5. Analysis Charts

• Detection timeline
• RSSI histogram
• Population statistics

Results Table Columns

The main results table shows:

Column	Detailed Description
EPC	Full 24-hex-digit EPC. Unique tag identifier.
Nickname	4-character alias for quick reference.
Comment	Additional notes (placement, material, etc.).
Coordinates	Spatial location (X, Y, Z in meters) for 3D mapping.
Power (dBm)	Read power used during the test.
RSSI (dBm)	Received Signal Strength Indicator; less negative values mean stronger signals.
Margin (dBm)	Difference between read power and the tag’s minimum threshold. Positive values mean safe operation.
Frequency	Frequency where the tag was captured (MHz).
Date / Time	Timestamp of the detection.

Statistics and Analysis

• Read Rate: Success percentage for each tag
• Counters: Total detections per tag
• Spatial Analysis: 3D visualization of tag positions
• RSSI Histogram: Statistical distribution of signal strength
• Temporal Analysis: Detection over time

Registering Tags for Population

1. Open the Registration Tool
   Click “Register New Tags” within the Population module.
2. Scan for Tags
   Set the read power and start scanning. Nearby tags are detected.
3. Select Tags to Register
   Check the tags you want to add to the Population database.
4. Provide Required and Optional Data
   For each tag:
   • Nickname: Up to 4 characters (e.g. “T001”) – REQUIRED
   • X, Y, Z coordinates: OPTIONAL but recommended for 3D visualization
5. Confirm
   The tags are stored in the Population database.

3D Coordinate System

Axis Definition

Axis	Represents	Typical Values	Example
X	Horizontal position (left/right)	1–10	Column inside a rack
Y	Depth (front/back)	1–10	Row in the rack
Z	Height (bottom/top)	1–5	Shelf level

Practical Example – 5×5×3 Rack

Consider a rack with:

• 5 columns (X: 1–5)
• 5 rows (Y: 1–5)
• 3 height levels (Z: 1–3)

Total positions: 5 × 5 × 3 = 75 positions

A tag at “3,2,1” sits:

• In column 3
• Row 2
• Lowest shelf (level 1)

Editing Tags

Adding Coordinates Later

If you registered tags without coordinates (red entries):

1. Select the Tag
   Click the red tag you want to edit.
2. Edit
   Click “Edit”.
3. Set Coordinates
   Fill X, Y, Z values.
4. Save
   The tag turns black and appears in the 3D view.

Updating Nicknames or Coordinates

Tag data can be changed anytime:

• Nicknames can be updated (still up to 4 characters)
• Coordinates can be changed or removed (removal turns the entry red again)

Setting Up a Population Test

Key Parameters

Read Power

• Reader output power used during the run
• Recommendation: 20–23 dBm for general testing
• Adjust based on distance and tag sensitivity

Frequency

Choose between:

• Single frequency: Test at a fixed frequency (e.g. 915 MHz)
• Frequency sweep: Sequentially test multiple frequencies

Number of Reads

• How many attempts per tag
• Recommendation: 10–20 reads for reliable statistics
• More reads increase accuracy but extend test time

Delay Between Reads

• Wait time between attempts
• Recommendation: 100–500 ms
• More tags often require longer delays

Running a Population Test

1. Select Tags
   Check the tags you want to include:
   • Select all ("Select All")
   • Only those with coordinates
   • Custom subset
2. Place the Tags
   Arrange the tags physically to match your scenario:
   • On shelves following coordinates
   • Inside boxes simulating finished goods
   • On pallets simulating logistics
3. Configure Parameters
   Adjust power, frequency, and read count as described above.
4. Start
   Click “Start Test”.
5. Monitor in Real Time
   Watch the table fill with detections, counters update, RSSI values, and the overall success rate.
6. Completion
   At the end you will see:
   • Total detected tags
   • Global read rate (%)
   • Undetected tags (if any)
   • RSSI statistics

3D Visualization

The 3D Graph

When tags have coordinates, a 3D interactive plot is generated:

Visual cues:

• Each tag shown as a point or sphere
• Spatial position equals its X, Y, Z coordinates
• Color reflects detection rate or average RSSI
• Size can indicate number of detections

Typical Colors:

Color	Read Rate	Meaning
Green	> 80%	✅ Excellent
Yellow	50–80%	⚠️ Moderate
Red	< 50%	❌ Weak or no read

3D Controls

• Rotate: Click and drag
• Zoom: Mouse wheel
• Pan: Right-click and drag
• Reset: Restore default view

Result Analysis

Global Read Rate

Indicates the percentage of tags successfully read:

• > 95%: ✅ Excellent – system ready
• 80–95%: ✅ Good – a few challenging tags
• 50–80%: ⚠️ Moderate – many tags missing
• < 50%: ❌ Poor – major read issues

Diagnosing Issues

Undetected Tags

• Check distance to the antenna
• Look for metal blocking the tag
• Verify orientation (may be perpendicular)
• Test individually in Threshold to confirm functionality

Inconsistent Detection

• Tags near the edge of the read zone
• Mutual interference between tags
• Protocol collisions
• Increase power or move tags closer

Leveraging the 3D View

• Spot dead zones
• Correlate read issues with physical location
• Optimize layout for maximum coverage
• Plan antenna placement for real deployments

Saving and Exporting

Saving Complete Reports

Population reports include:

• Selected tags list
• Test parameters
• Detection results
• Statistics and charts
• Interface state (for later restoration)

1. Click “Save Test”
2. Choose a JSON filename and location
3. Later, reimport to resume analysis

Importing Reports

To restore a saved session:

1. Click “Import Test”
2. Select the JSON file
3. All data, charts, and settings are restored

Exporting to Excel

For detailed analysis:

• Export includes columns: EPC, Nickname, X, Y, Z, Detections, Read Rate, Average RSSI
• Create custom charts and metrics

Use Cases

RFID Portal Testing

1. Place tags on a box or pallet
2. Set power similar to the real reader
3. Run the population test
4. Read rate should be > 95%
5. Adjust problematic tag positions

Layout Optimization

1. Experiment with different tag arrangements
2. Use 3D visualization to spot patterns
3. Identify low-read areas
4. Refine layout for higher read rates
5. Document the final recommended layout

Density Validation

1. Start with 10 tags
2. Ensure read rate is 100%
3. Add 10 more tags
4. Repeat until the rate falls below 95%
5. This defines the population limit for your setup

Common Issues

Threshold vs. Population

Aspect	Threshold	Population
Goal	Single-tag sensitivity	Simultaneous multi-tag reading
Tags per Test	1	Many (100+)
Power Handling	Automatically lowered (binary search)	Fixed, user-defined
Frequency Handling	Full sweep	Single or sweep
Test Duration	2–10 min per tag	Seconds to minutes for all tags
Results	Threshold curve	Read rate (%)
Coordinates	Optional (unused)	Recommended (3D view)
Database	threshold_db.json	populacao_db.json

Population Best Practices

FastSurance Overview

Interface Elements – FastSurance (Part 1)

FastSurance performs Go/No-Go tests across up to five different configurations:

Test Configuration

Each test row includes:

• Type Selector: Tag Tests or Threshold Test
• Frequency (MHz): Specific frequency for the test
• Power (dBm): Slider ranging 0–30 dBm
• Status: Indicates pass or fail

Control Buttons

• Run Tests: Executes the configured checks
• Clear: Resets all data
• Save: Stores configuration and results
• Import: Loads a saved setup
• Import from Threshold: Copies Threshold module data
• Report (PDF): Generates a PDF report

Tag Registration

• 🔍 Tag Registration: Scans and registers tags for testing

FastSurance is built for rapid Go/No-Go validation. It is ideal for production quality control where you need fast confirmation that a tag meets minimum performance at specific frequencies.

Unlike Threshold (which runs full analysis), FastSurance simply checks whether the tag responds or not at each configured frequency.

Go/No-Go Concept

What Is a Go/No-Go Test?

A Go/No-Go test yields a binary pass/fail outcome:

• PASS (Go): Tag responds correctly at the tested frequency
• FAIL (No-Go): Tag does not respond or RSSI is too low

Test Setup

Warmup and Safety Checks

Before testing, FastSurance automatically performs safety checks:

1. Temperature Check
   Ensures internal temperature is above 25 °C:
   • If below 25 °C: a warmup cycle starts
   • The unit heats to around 32 °C
   • This guarantees stable operation and consistent readings
2. VSWR Check
   Verifies the antenna connection:
   • VSWR must remain below 3.0
   • If >/ 3.0: the test is blocked (protects the RF module)
   • An error message asks you to inspect the antenna
3. Test Execution
   Only when safety checks pass do the tag tests start.

Configuring Test Frequencies

Interface Elements – FastSurance (Part 2)

This view shows advanced frequency configuration:

Frequency Settings

For each test you can:

• Define a specific frequency in MHz
• Adjust power via slider
• See pass/fail status
• Configure up to five tests at once

Results Area

Displays the execution history with:

• Date and time
• Outcome of each configuration (Pass/Fail)
• Measured values (RSSI, threshold, etc.)

History Table Columns

The history table contains:

Column	Description
EPC	Full 24-digit hexadecimal EPC of the tested tag
Status	Overall result: PASS: All configured tests passed FAIL: One or more tests failed
Test 1–5	Individual outcomes: PASS: Tag detected at that configuration FAIL: Tag not detected or signal too weak N/A: Test not configured/executed Columns may also include measured values (RSSI, threshold) when available.
Date/Time	Timestamp (DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS)

History Features

• Traceability: Full log supports audits
• Trend Analysis: Spot failure patterns
• Reporting: Export PDF for compliance
• Filtering: Filter by status, date, or configuration

Typical Configurations

FCC License (902–928 MHz):

• Test 1: 902 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 2: 910 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 3: 915 MHz, 20 dBm (center)
• Test 4: 920 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 5: 928 MHz, 20 dBm

Anatel License:

• Test 1: 902 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 2: 915 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 3: 920 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 4: 925 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 5: 928 MHz, 20 dBm

ETSI License (865–868 MHz):

• Test 1: 865.0 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 2: 865.5 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 3: 866.5 MHz, 20 dBm (center)
• Test 4: 867.5 MHz, 20 dBm
• Test 5: 868.0 MHz, 20 dBm

Running Tests

1. Configure Frequencies
   Fill up to five rows with desired frequencies and powers. Empty rows are ignored.
2. Place the Tag
   Position the tag at the standard test distance (recommended: 30 cm).
3. Start
   Click “Test”. The system:
   • Performs safety checks
   • Warms up if necessary
   • Runs tests sequentially
4. Wait
   Complete run (all frequencies) typically takes 30–60 seconds.
5. Review Results
   Panels on the right display:
   • Tag EPC
   • PASS/FAIL per frequency (red indicates failure)
   • RSSI values
   • Date and time

Interpreting Results

Pass/Fail Indicators

• PASS: Tag responded successfully (black text)
• FAIL: No response or insufficient RSSI (red text)

Pass Criteria

A tag is considered PASS when:

• It is detected at the tested frequency
• RSSI exceeds the minimum threshold
• The read is stable

PDF Reporting

Report Content

• Header: Logo, title, timestamp
• Summary: Number of tags tested, time window
• Result Table: One line per tag
• Footer: System version and details

Table Columns

Column	Description
EPC	Full EPC (up to 24 hex digits)
Status	Overall PASS or FAIL
Test 1–5	Individual PASS/FAIL (red text denotes failure)
Date/Time	Timestamp of the run

Management Tools

Clear Data

• Removes on-screen configurations
• Clears the history list
• Resets the UI for a new batch

Save Session

• Stores the entire session as JSON
• Includes configurations and results
• Can be reloaded later

Import Session

• Loads a previously saved session
• Restores history and settings
• Allows continuation

Import from Threshold

Copies results from the Threshold module:

• If the tag was tested in Threshold
• You can import those results into FastSurance
• The system auto-fills configuration fields
• Speeds up the setup

Use Cases

Production Quality Control

1. Configure the five critical frequencies once
2. For each tag:
   • Place on the stand
   • Press “Test”
   • Wait 30–60 seconds
   • Check PASS (green) or FAIL (red)
   • Approve or reject
3. At the end, generate a PDF report for the batch

Incoming Inspection

1. Test a representative sample (e.g. 5–10%) of a supplier batch
2. If the pass rate is > 95%, accept the lot
3. If below 95%, request rework or replacements
4. Use the PDF report as test evidence

Module Comparison

Aspect	Threshold	FastSurance
Goal	Full analysis	Quick verification
Frequencies	Complete sweep	Up to 5 specific points
Time per Tag	2–10 minutes	30–60 seconds
Output	Detailed curve	Pass/Fail
Reporting	Graphs and tables	Landscape PDF summary
Best For	Development, research	Production, QC

Fast Threshold Overview

Interface Elements

Simplified module for quick threshold testing:

Test Configuration

Field	Description
Test Name	Identifies the run (e.g. “Production Test”, “Tag Validation”). Helps organize test sessions.
Test 1–5 – Frequency (MHz)	Up to five specific frequencies for testing. Each frequency is configured independently and persisted across sessions.
Test 1–5 – Threshold (dBm)	Automatically filled after the run. Read-only field populated with measured thresholds.

Control Buttons

Button	Function
Test	Measures threshold at each configured frequency. Frequencies are tested sequentially.
Clear	Clears the current results but keeps frequency settings.
Save	Saves results to a JSON file for later retrieval.
Import	Loads previously saved configurations and results.
Report (PDF)	Generates a professional PDF report with measured data.

Charts Area

The module provides two core charts:

• Threshold Chart: Plots measured thresholds per frequency for quick visual comparison.
• Statistical Analysis Chart: Consolidates multiple runs, highlighting mean, standard deviation, and distribution.

Test History

History table columns:

• Plot: Checkbox to show/hide the run in charts
• EPC: Unique identifier of the tested tag
• Freq 1–5: Measured threshold values
• Date/Time: Execution timestamp

Execution Summary

Element	Description
Tags Tested	Counts how many tags were tested in the current session.
Selected Tags	Shows how many runs are selected for batch operations.
Select All	Selects every entry in history.
Deselect All	Clears all selections.
Delete Selected	Permanently removes selected runs from history.
Generate Statistics	Calculates statistics (mean, std. deviation, min, max) for selected runs.
Export to Excel	Exports data to .xlsx for external analysis.

Status Indicator

Displays:

• “Ready to test”: System awaits the next run
• Test progress: Live updates while running
• Error messages: If issues occur

Fast Threshold provides quick sensitivity checks at up to five frequencies. Ideal for production testing and rapid validation.

Test Configuration

Test Name

Enter a descriptive label to identify the run (e.g. “Production Batch”, “Tag Validation”).

Frequency Setup

Define up to five target frequencies in MHz (e.g. 900.0, 905.0, 910.0).

Running a Test

Step 1: Configure

1. Enter the test name
2. Set desired frequencies (up to five)
3. Click “Test”

Step 2: Position the Tag

Place the tag on the test stand. The system measures sensitivity at each configured frequency automatically.

Step 3: Review Results

Data is shown in:

• History: EPC and thresholds for each run
• Threshold Chart: Live visualization
• Statistical Analysis: Mean, std. deviation, 3σ bands

Statistical Analysis

Fast Threshold automatically computes:

• Mean (μ)
• Mean − 3σ: Lower bound
• Mean + 3σ: Upper bound

History Management

Selection Tools

Available actions:

• Select All: Mark all runs
• Deselect All: Clear selections
• Delete Selected: Remove specific runs

Generate Statistics

Click “Generate Statistics” to recalculate mean and standard deviation for selected runs.

Data Export

Export to Excel

Creates a .xlsx file with EPC, frequency, threshold, and timestamp columns.

Save Session

Stores the full history in JSON for re-import later.

PDF Report

Generates a professional PDF with charts and tables.

Importing Data

Use “Import” to load a previously saved JSON, restoring:

• History
• Test name
• Frequencies
• Charts and statistics

Data Persistence

Fast Threshold automatically retains:

• History between sessions
• Configured test name
• Frequency settings
• Statistics and charts

Best Practices

Production Testing

• Set the five operational frequencies
• Use descriptive names for batches/products
• Export PDF reports for documentation
• Monitor stats to detect drift

Tag Validation

• Test representative samples
• Compare with vendor specifications
• Use statistics to spot outliers
• Document results for traceability

Fast Orientation Overview

The Fast Orientation module performs polar mapping of the RFID tag or antenna under test. It automates the angular sweep, records the measured thresholds at each step, and generates visualizations that highlight the main lobe and usable angular aperture.

Test Workflow

1. Preparation: Configure frequency, start/end angles, and step size. Optionally provide the EPC to track and a descriptive test name.
2. Automatic Mode Setup: To operate in automatic mode, connect the FR-01 (Fast Rotor) equipment to a USB port on the computer. This allows the turntable to spin automatically during the test.
3. Execution: Start the test so the turntable spins automatically (or step-by-step in manual mode) while thresholds are captured at each position.
4. Monitoring: Track measured points and polar curves in real time. Pause or restart when necessary.
5. Analysis: Review the summary, inspect individual details, filter which measurements appear in the chart, and export reports.

Test Configuration

The configuration panel gathers the primary operating parameters:

Field	Description
Frequency (MHz)	Fixed frequency used during the polar sweep.
Start/End Angle (°)	Angular range to scan. Typical values: 0° to 360°.
Step (°)	Angular increment between consecutive measurements (e.g. 5°, 10°).
Selected EPC	EPC of the tag monitored during the test. Leave blank for generic sweeps.
Test Name	Descriptive label for quick identification in history and reports.

Selected Tests Summary

After each sweep, results appear in the summary grid:

Column	Description
Test Name	User-defined identifier.
EPC	EPC associated with the test (when provided).
Start/End Angle (°)	Configured angular limits.
Step (°)	Angular increment.
Freq (MHz)	Frequency used.
Angular Opening (°)	Bandwidth calculated from the +3 dB intersections. Displays “N/A” if unavailable.
Main Lobe Direction (°)	Angle of the main lobe. Displays “N/A” when the metric cannot be computed.
Date/Time	Execution timestamp.
Points	Number of valid measurements.

Current Polar Chart

The polar chart displays the tag or antenna response. Use zoom and the +3 dB circle highlight to inspect the beamwidth. Multiple tests can be overlaid with distinct colors for comparison.

Test Details

Selecting a summary entry reveals additional details:

• Angular span, step, and operating frequency.
• Full table of angles versus thresholds.
• Computed Angular Opening and Main Lobe Direction when available.
• Intersection and minimum-angle markers used in calculations.

Reports and Export

The Report (PDF) button generates a technical document with:

• License/system information (software, firmware, serial, license key).
• Test configuration and summary of selected runs.
• Large polar chart honoring the A4 layout with preserved circular proportions.
• Individual test details, including angular opening and main lobe direction.
• An “Additional Information” section plus the generation timestamp.

All test data remain stored in history for JSON export, enabling reprocessing or internal sharing.

Best Practices

• Ensure the mechanical stand is centered and level to avoid artifacts.
• Use smaller steps (e.g. 5°) for high-resolution measurements, larger steps for quick validations.
• Disable local interference sources before the run to capture representative thresholds.
• Include notes in the test name (e.g. “Metal Tag 25cm”) for easier traceability.

Introduction

Interface Elements – RSSI x Power Module

This module evaluates the relationship between RSSI and transmitted power:

Tag Selection

• 🔍 Tag Registration: Scans and registers the tag for testing
• Tag List: Displays registered tags with checkboxes

Test Configuration

• Frequency (MHz): Fixed frequency for the test
• Minimum Power (dBm): Start of the sweep
• Maximum Power (dBm): End of the sweep
• Power Step (dBm): Increment between measurements

Control Buttons

• Test: Starts the power sweep
• Stop: Interrupts the test
• Clear Chart: Clears the plot
• Save Selected: Stores selected tests
• Import Tests: Loads previously saved runs
• Selected Report (PDF): Generates a PDF report

Chart

Displays the RSSI versus Power curve with zoom and navigation tools.

Test History and Statistics

The RSSI x Power module keeps a complete history of every run, allowing comparison between tags and analysis of the RSSI vs Power relationship.

General Statistics

Consolidated statistics for all tests appear at the top of the history panel.

History Table Columns

The history table includes the following columns:

Column	Detailed Description
Plot	Checkbox to display the run in the chart. When checked, the curve overlays the current plot.
ID	Automatically generated numeric identifier for the test. Used internally for management.
Name	User-defined description. Helps identify the test conditions.
Tag EPC	Full 24-hex-digit EPC of the tested tag. Unique tag identifier.
Freq (MHz)	Fixed frequency used during the power sweep. Facilitates cross-frequency comparisons.
Power (dBm)	Power range covered in the sweep (format Min-Max). Example: “10-20” means 10 to 20 dBm.
RSSI (dBm)	Range of RSSI values recorded (format Min-Max). Indicates how the tag responded throughout the sweep.
Slope (dBm/dBm)	Linear regression slope of RSSI vs Power. Values near 1 suggest an ideal linear response; significant deviations may indicate saturation or nonlinear behavior.
Date/Time	Timestamp in DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS format. Enables chronological sorting and trend analysis.

History Features

• Sorting: Click column headers (↕) to reorder entries.
• Multi-selection: Mark several runs to plot together.
• Chart Overlay: Selected runs appear in the chart with distinct colors.
• Reporting: Export selected runs to PDF.

The RSSI x Power test explores how tags behave when transmitter power varies at a fixed frequency. It reveals:

• Linear operating region
• Tag saturation point
• Reception sensitivity
• Response consistency

Test Concept

With frequency held constant, the system sweeps the transmit power and records the returned RSSI. In theory, RSSI should rise linearly with power, but real-world behaviors are often more complex.

Running the Test

1. Register and Select the Tag
2. Set the Fixed Frequency (e.g. 915 MHz)
3. Define the Power Range (e.g. 5–25 dBm)
4. Choose the Power Step (recommended: 1 dBm)
5. Start the Test

Interpreting Results

Linear Region

RSSI rises proportionally with power—tag operating normally.

Saturation

RSSI stops increasing even as power increases—tag at its response limit.

Recommended Operating Range

Power span where the tag responds consistently and linearly.

Introduction

Interface Elements – Constant Power Module

This module tests tags at a fixed transmit power while sweeping frequencies:

Test Configuration

Field	Description
Frequency (MHz)	Single frequency to measure. The system performs multiple reads over time. Valid values are shown in parentheses, limited by the active license.
Power (dBm)	Fixed transmit power for the entire test. Valid values appear in parentheses, constrained by the license.

Control Buttons

Button	Function
Test	Starts continuous readings at the configured frequency and power. Multiple measurements are collected over time.
Stop	Stops the ongoing test while retaining collected data.
Clear Chart	Clears the plot and restarts the visualization.

Chart

Displays RSSI vs Time at constant power, revealing:

• RSSI stability over time
• Response variations
• Continuous reading patterns

The Constant Power module sweeps frequencies while holding power fixed, complementing the Threshold module:

Aspect	Threshold	Constant Power
Power	Varies (searches minimum)	Fixed
Frequency	Sweeps	Sweeps
Result	Minimum power vs Frequency	RSSI vs Frequency (fixed power)

When to Use?

• Simulate behavior with a fixed-power reader
• Quick spectral response analysis
• Verify operation under specific conditions

Running the Test

1. Register and Select the Tag
2. Set Fixed Power (e.g. 20 dBm)
3. Configure Frequency Range
4. Configure Frequency Step
5. Start the Test

Interpreting Results

The chart plots RSSI versus Frequency. Peaks reveal frequencies where the tag responds best (resonance points).

Simulator Overview

Interface Elements – Simulator Module

This module simulates reader behavior using historical data:

Simulation Slots

Four independent slots are available:

• Each slot loads a previously recorded test
• Slot cards show quick information about the loaded test
• Each slot includes a dedicated “Import File” button

Control Buttons

• Run Simulation: Processes and plots the selected slots
• Save Report: Exports the simulation state to PDF/JSON
• Clear: Removes data from the chosen slots

Visualization

Displays how simulated reader settings affect tag performance versus original test results.

Simulation Settings

The Simulator uses three reader parameters to model behavior:

Parameter	Description	Default
Irradiated Power (dBm)	Transmit power of the simulated reader. Represents the forward link budget. Typical: 30–36 dBm depending on the reader. Impact: Higher power increases coverage but may hit regulatory limits.	36 dBm
Sensitivity (dBm)	Minimum signal the simulated reader can detect (reverse link). Typical: –70 to –80 dBm. More negative = more sensitive. Impact: Better sensitivity reads weaker/farther tags.	-70 dBm
Margin (dB)	Safety margin applied to link budget calculations. Represents environmental losses or design margin. Typical: 0–10 dB for conservative analysis. Impact: Larger margins reduce predicted range, simulating harsher conditions.	3.0 dB

How Parameters Affect the Simulation

The Simulator calculates:

• Forward Link: Theoretical reader-to-tag range
• Forward Link Margin: Forward link range with safety margin
• Reverse Link: Tag-to-reader range
• Reverse Link Margin: Reverse link range with safety margin
• Final Link Margin: Overall range limited by the weakest link

Each slot’s charts use these calculations to estimate real-world behavior under the simulated reader settings.

The Simulator works with historical test data even without connecting the FastChecker FC01. Typical scenarios include:

• Customer demonstrations
• Operator training
• Historical data review
• Proposal preparation
• Academic studies

Simulation Slots

Each of the four slots can store:

• A single test file (.json)
• A complete project export
• Custom configuration saved earlier

Typical Slot Organization

Slot	Suggested Use
Slot 1	Reference or baseline tag
Slot 2	Candidate tag A
Slot 3	Candidate tag B
Slot 4	Candidate tag C or alternative scenario

Loading Data

Import Single File

1. Select a Slot
   Click the desired slot (1–4).
2. Import File
   Choose “Import File” and select a previously exported JSON.
3. Review Slot Card
   The slot summary displays the loaded test information.

Import Saved Simulation

If you saved a complete simulation report earlier:

1. Click “Import Report”.
2. Select the report JSON.
3. All four slots and their settings restore automatically.
4. Charts update instantly.

Running a Simulation

1. Load Slot Data
   Import the tests you want to analyze.
2. Adjust Parameters
   Tweak power, sensitivity, or margin if needed.
3. Run Simulation
   Click “Run Simulation” to refresh charts.
4. Compare Results
   Evaluate how each tag behaves under the simulated reader.

Saving the Simulation

“Save Report” stores:

• Data and charts for all four slots
• Current reader parameters
• Visualization preferences

Re-importing later restores the exact state for further exploration.

Use Cases

Customer Demonstrations

• Present real-world results without hardware
• Compare multiple tag designs
• Highlight the impact of reader settings

Training

• Teach software features with sample data
• Walk through link-budget scenarios
• Practice report generation

Historical Analysis

• Reevaluate archived tests
• Check performance trends over time
• Prepare comparative summaries

License Module Overview

The License module manages FastChecker II licenses. Use it to activate, view, back up, and maintain all license data required to unlock specific modules and operating limits.

Interface Layout

The module is divided into three main sections:

1. System Information

Shows hardware/software details:

Field	Description
Software	Installed FastChecker II version (e.g. “2.0.0”); pulled from the centralized configuration.
Hardware	Detected FC01 hardware version (e.g. “1.0”, “2.0”). Displays “?” if the device is not connected.
Firmware	Internal RF firmware version (e.g. “1.2.3”). Displays “?” if unavailable.
Status	Status indicator: Blue: Normal operation Red: Browser Mode (hardware not detected or limited functionality) May show “Connecting…” while attempting hardware connection

Reload System Information Button:

• Refreshes all system data
• Performs a hardware reset with an audible beep
• Updates software/hardware/firmware versions
• Revalidates communication with the device
• Refreshes license list on the hardware

2. License Information

License management buttons:

Button	Function
Auto License	Activates a license using a token: Enter or paste the license token The system validates the token with the license server If valid, the license is registered and tied to the hardware UID Note: Requires hardware and internet connectivity.
Import License	Restores a license from a backup file: Recovers previously exported licenses Validates format and contents Registers the license locally
License Agreement	Opens the EULA (End User License Agreement): Shows usage terms and legal conditions Lists rights, responsibilities, and support information

3. Licenses on Device

Displays all licenses installed on the device:

Element	Description
License List	Scrollable area listing each license: Shows key information per license Supports multiple licenses at once Use the scrollbar for longer lists
License Details	Per-license data includes: License type (Anatel/FCC/ETSI/Browser/etc.) Frequency range Power limits Enabled modules Issue and expiration dates Activation status
Active License Selection	When several licenses are available: Select which license is active Radio buttons indicate the current selection Only one license operates at a time The active license defines operational limits

Per License Action Buttons

Button	Function
Technical File	Opens a detailed technical summary: System Information: Software, hardware, firmware, device UID License Information: Type, frequency/power limits, enabled modules, issue/expiration date, serial number, etc. Use: Quick way to review complete license/system data without navigating the interface.
Export	Creates a backup file (.lic): Stores all license details for restoration Enables easy migration between installations Use: Always export a backup after activation. Import with “Import License” if needed.
Delete	Removes the license from the device: Requires confirmation Hardware must be connected Irreversible unless you have a backup Warning: Export the license before deletion to avoid losing access.

Activation Flow

1. Connect Hardware
   Ensure the FC01 is plugged in via USB and recognized.
2. Verify Information
   Click “Reload System Information” to confirm hardware detection.
3. Enter Token
   Obtain a license token from FastTag and enter/paste it.
4. Activate
   Click “Auto License” to validate and register.
5. Confirm
   Successful activation ties the token to the hardware UID.
6. Review List
   New licenses appear immediately in “Licenses on Device”.

Additional Features

Active License Indicator

The module highlights the currently active license and its limits (frequency, power, enabled modules, status).

License Types

• Basic: Core modules (Antenna Check, Noise Check)
• Full: All modules and wide frequency/power range
• Custom: Tailored to specific customer needs

License Limits

Licenses can constrain:

• Frequency range
• Power range
• Available modules

Backup and Restoration

The system keeps backup copies of active licenses. Use the export/import workflow to:

• Restore after hardware changes
• Move licenses between installations
• Validate tokens offline (when supported)

Troubleshooting

Expired License

Contact FastTag for renewal or upgrade options.

Invalid Token

Double-check the token string (case-sensitive, no extra spaces).

Limit Errors

If you exceed licensed ranges, consider upgrading your license.

Overview

The FAQ/Help module provides quick access to operational guidance and answers to common questions about FastChecker II. It serves as a handy reference for day-to-day usage.

FAQ Categories

Content is grouped into practical sections:

• Basic Usage: Getting started questions
• Troubleshooting: Fixes for frequent issues
• Technical Concepts: RFID theory and terminology
• Best Practices: Tips for reliable testing

How to Use the FAQ

1. Select the “FAQ / Help” tab in the sidebar
2. Browse the available categories
3. Click a question to reveal the answer
4. Use search (if available) to locate specific topics

Main Topics

Initial Setup

• Hardware connection steps
• Antenna installation guidelines
• First-run checklist

Running Tests

• Selecting the appropriate module
• Configuring parameters safely
• Reading and interpreting charts

Troubleshooting

• Hardware not detected
• Measurement errors
• Connectivity problems

Quick Access

• Technical Support: Contact details for assistance
• Documentation: Links to manuals and guides
• Updates: Release notes and software version info

Overview

Understanding the results is key to taking real value from FastChecker II measurements. This chapter summarizes the most common outputs produced by each module and explains how to read them correctly.

Threshold Results

What is Threshold?

The threshold is the minimum power required to communicate with an RFID tag. It is measured in dBm and is one of the main indicators of tag sensitivity.

How to Read It

• Lower values (smaller dBm): Better sensitivity
• Higher values (larger dBm): Tag needs more power to respond
• Comparison tip: A 5 dBm improvement roughly means three times more read range

Threshold Curves

Ideal Shape

An ideal tag shows a relatively flat curve across the frequency sweep, indicating consistent behavior.

Common Anomalies

• Peaks (high threshold): Possible impedance mismatch
• Valleys (low threshold): Tag resonance frequency
• Breaks or jumps: May point to damaged tags or manufacturing defects

RSSI Results

What is RSSI?

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) measures the power of the backscattered signal received from the tag, also in dBm.

How to Read It

• Higher RSSI (less negative): Tag is close or reflects energy well
• Lower RSSI (more negative): Tag is farther away or has weak backscatter
• High variation: Can indicate interference or alignment issues

Population Analysis

Multiple-Tag Reads

Population tests evaluate how well the reader handles simultaneous tags.

How to Read It

• 100% read rate: All tags were captured (ideal)
• Rate below 100%: Some tags were missed (possible collisions or distance differences)
• Read order: Highlights small performance differences between tags

Antenna Analysis (VSWR)

What is VSWR?

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) indicates how well the antenna is matched to the reader output.

How to Read It

• VSWR < 1.5: Excellent match
• 1.5 < VSWR < 2.0: Good/acceptable match
• VSWR > 2.0: Poor match (inspect connectors and cables)
• VSWR > 3.0: Critical issue (check antenna, cable length, or adapters)

Environmental Noise Analysis

Noise Measurements

The Noise Check module scans for radio-frequency interference.

How to Read It

• Low noise floor: Clean environment, ideal for testing
• High noise floor: Interference present (avoid those frequencies)
• Isolated spikes: Likely nearby equipment or other readers

Comparing Results

Between Tags

When comparing tags, keep conditions identical:

• Use the same test setup
• Maintain equal distance and orientation
• Keep frequency settings consistent
• Account for normal statistical variation

Validating Measurements

Quality Criteria

• Repeatable values across sessions
• Smooth curves with no unexplained anomalies
• Results within expected specifications
• Consistency across samples of the same tag model

Spotting Issues

• Outliers may point to defective tags
• Large variation usually means alignment or interference problems
• Unexpected values can reveal incorrect configuration

Overview

This chapter compiles the most frequent questions and fixes for FastChecker II. Answers leverage years of field experience and cover everything from daily operation to advanced troubleshooting.

Positioning and Setup

Tag Registration

Running Tests

Interpreting Results

Materials and Tag Application

Hardware Problems

Interference and Noise

System Questions

Licensing

Technical Information

Noise Check

General Operation

Transport and Storage

System Usage

Preventive Maintenance

Daily (Before Use)

• ✅ Visual check of cables and connectors
• ✅ Confirm antenna connection
• ✅ Clean the test area
• ✅ Run Antenna Check (VSWR < 2.0)
• ✅ Run Noise Check (look for interference)

Weekly

• 🔧 Clean SMA connectors with isopropyl alcohol
• 🔧 Hand-tighten connectors (no tools)
• 🔧 Back up data and license
• 🔧 Wipe the external enclosure

Monthly

• 📅 Test a reference tag and compare with historical data
• 📅 Check available disk space
• 📅 Organize measurement files
• 📅 Install software updates when released

Cleaning the Equipment

Connector Care

Antenna SMA Connector

• Always tighten by hand (never with pliers)
• Inspect the center pin for bending
• Clean periodically with isopropyl alcohol
• Stop immediately if you feel abnormal resistance

USB Connector

• Insert gently without forcing
• Do not pull the cable—grip the connector
• Avoid sharp cable bends

Long-Term Storage

If the device will remain unused for longer than one month:

• Disconnect antenna and USB cable
• Perform a full cleaning
• Store in a dry, temperature-controlled place
• Protect connectors with dust caps
• Back up every dataset
• Keep heavy objects away from the equipment

Maintenance Troubleshooting

RFID General Terms

Term	Definition
RFID	Radio Frequency Identification. Technology that uses radio waves to identify and track objects automatically.
UHF	Ultra High Frequency (300 MHz to 3 GHz). UHF RFID typically operates between 860 and 960 MHz.
Tag	Small device that contains a chip and an antenna. It stores data and replies to reader interrogations over RF.
Reader	Equipment that emits radio waves to interrogate RFID tags and receive their responses. Can be fixed or handheld.
EPC	Electronic Product Code. Unique identifier (up to 96 or 128 bits) stored on the RFID tag.
Passive Tag	Tag without its own battery. Draws energy from the reader signal. Typical range: 1 to 12 meters.
Active Tag	Tag with an internal battery. Reaches longer distances (up to ~100 meters) but battery life limits operation.
EPC Gen2 Protocol	Global standard for passive UHF RFID (ISO 18000-6C) covering anticollision, security, and common commands.

RF Parameters

Term	Definition
dBm	Decibel-milliwatt. Logarithmic power unit. 0 dBm = 1 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W.
dBi	Decibels referenced to an isotropic antenna. Expresses antenna gain.
MHz	Megahertz. Unit of frequency equal to one million cycles per second.
RSSI	Received Signal Strength Indicator. Measured in dBm, shows the strength of the signal returning from the tag.
Threshold	Minimum power required to communicate with a tag. Lower values mean higher sensitivity.
Backscatter	Technique where the tag modulates and reflects the reader signal back. Communication method used by passive tags.
Link Budget	Power balance between transmission (reader->tag) and reception (tag->reader). Determines the system's maximum range.
ERP	Effective Radiated Power. Power effectively radiated by the antenna after losses and gains.

Antennas and Propagation

Term	Definition
VSWR	Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Measures impedance matching. Ideal < 1.5, acceptable < 2.0, problematic > 3.0.
Impedance	Opposition to alternating current, measured in ohms. UHF RFID antennas and readers use 50 ohms.
Dipole	Simple antenna made of two elements. The FC01 stock antenna is a linear dipole with an omnidirectional pattern on the horizontal plane.
Polarization	Orientation of the radio wave's electric field. Can be linear (vertical or horizontal) or circular (right or left).
Linear Polarization	Electric field oscillates in a single plane. Requires antenna alignment for best efficiency.
Circular Polarization	Electric field rotates. Less sensitive to misalignment but introduces an inherent ~3 dB loss.
Antenna Gain	Measure of how much energy the antenna concentrates in a given direction. Expressed in dBi. Isotropic = 0 dBi, dipole = 2.15 dBi.
Radiation Pattern	Spatial distribution of the energy radiated by the antenna. Each antenna type has a characteristic pattern.
Null Zone	Region around the antenna where radiation is minimal or zero. For a vertical dipole it occurs at the top and bottom.

Regulations

Term	Definition
Anatel	Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency. Defines 902-907.5 MHz and 915-928 MHz with up to 25 dBm for RFID.
FCC	Federal Communications Commission (United States). Allows 902-928 MHz with up to 30 dBm for RFID in North America.
ETSI	European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Sets 865-868 MHz with up to 27 dBm for RFID.
ISM	Industrial, Scientific and Medical bands. License-exempt spectrum with specific power limits.

Tag Performance

Term	Definition
Sensitivity	Ability of the tag to respond to weak signals. Higher sensitivity = lower threshold = longer read range.
Resonant Frequency	Frequency where the tag performs best (lowest threshold). Appears as the trough in the threshold chart.
Operating Band	Frequency span where the tag works properly. Wideband tags operate across a broader range.
RCS	Radar Cross Section. Indicates the tag's reflection signature. Expressed in dBm2 or m2.
Read Range	Maximum distance at which a tag can be read. Depends on several environmental and hardware factors.
Conversion Loss	Difference between power received by the tag and the backscatter power it returns. Measures energy efficiency.
Q-Factor	Quality factor. Indicates how sharp the resonance is. High Q = narrow, well-defined resonance.

Processes and Tests

Term	Definition
Go/NoGo	Pass/fail evaluation. Binary result indicating whether the tag passed each tested condition.
Population	Test that reads multiple tags simultaneously to evaluate anticollision performance.
Anticollision	Algorithm that lets the reader identify many tags at the same time without data overlap.
Sweep	Sequential measurement across a frequency or power range.
Step	Interval between consecutive measurements. Example: a 2 MHz step means sampling every 2 MHz.

Hardware and Connectivity

Term	Definition
SMA	SubMiniature version A. RF connector type used on antennas. 50 ohm impedance.
USB	Universal Serial Bus. Communication interface between the FC01 and the computer.
COM Port	Virtual serial port created by Windows to handle USB communication.
Firmware	Embedded software inside the hardware (FC01). Controls low-level RF module operations.
RF Module	Reader component responsible for generating, transmitting, and receiving radio frequency signals.